A permanência dos símbolos teriomórficos na arte e na psique / The permanence of teriomorphic symbols in art and in the psyche / La permanencia de los simbolos del teriomorfismo en el arte y en la psique

O artigo trata de símbolos teriomórficos referidos a animais. A importância que exercem pode ser atestada pela permanência na arte (pinturas parietais até os grafites contemporâneos) e na psique. A perpetuação de símbolos e temas é tratada por estudos como os de Aby Warburg em história da arte, com as noções de Kulturgeschichte, Pathosformele Mnemosyne: a recorrência de temas, emoções e comportamentos revela a perpetuação de símbolos interligados à cultura. Essa recorrência simbólica, em termos psíquicos é entendida por C.G. Jung mediante as noções de arquétipo e inconsciente coletivo. Autores contemporâneos a Warburg e a Jung e seus respectivos conceitos, bem como a apresentação de algumas obras de arte, ilustram a importância dos símbolos teriomórficos.Aventa-se a hipótese de que seja uma necessidade psíquica de reunir a natureza biológica, sua força desejante instintiva com a esfera da mente e do sentido de ser constantemente renovada (AU).

Teriomorphicsymbols refer to animals. The importance they exercise can be demonstrated by the permanence of these symbols both in art (parietal paintings to contemporary graffiti) and in the psyche. The perpetuation of symbols and themes is dealt with by studies suchas those by Aby Warburg in art history: Kulturgeschichte, Pathosformel and Mnemosyne. The recurrence of themes, emotions and behaviors reveals the perpetuation of symbols intertwined with culture. This symbolic recurrence, in psychic terms, is understood by C.G. Jung through the notions of archetype and collective unconscious. Contemporary authors of Warburg and Jungand their respective concepts, as well as the presentation of some works of artillustratethe importance of teriomorphic symbols. It is hypothesized that it is a psychic need to unite the biological nature, its instinctive desiring force with the sphere of the mind and the sense of being constantly renewed (AU).

Los símbolos teriomorfosse refieren a los animales. La importancia que ejercen puede ser atestiguada por su permanencia en el arte (pinturas parietales hasta grafitis contemporáneos) y en la psiquis. La perpetuación de símbolos y temas es abordada por estudios como los de Aby Warburg en historia del arte: Kulturgeschichte, Pathosformel y Mnemosyne: la recurrencia de temas, emociones y comportamientos revela la perpetuación de símbolos entrelazados con la cultura. Esta recurrencia simbólica, en términos psíquicos, es comprendida por C.G. por Jung a través de las nociones de arquetipo e inconsciente colectivo. Autores contemporáneos de Warburg y Jungy sus respectivos conceptos,así como la presentación de algunas obras de arte, ilustran la importancia de los símbolos teriomorfos. Se plantea la hipótesis de que se trata de una necesidad psíquica de unir la naturaleza biológica, su fuerza instintiva deseante con la esfera de la mente y el sentido de renovarse constantemente (AU).

El campo inglés / The English countryside / O campo inglês

This article is a historical research that focuses on the site where the National Directorate of Health of the Armed Forces, the Central Hospital, the General Directorate of Peripheral Care, the Supply Division and the Directorate of Architecture and Hospital Engineering are currently located. It has belonged to the Uruguayan State since its creation. During the decades of 1880 and 1890, it was given on loan to one of the oldest clubs in our country, the Montevideo Cricket Club. The first two soccer matches of which there are historical references took place there. Of those first years, there are no photographs of that area, but there is an oil painting made around 1930-34 by a member of the Cricket that until now the only thing that is known of the person is the name, A.W. Hall. Hall. This painting is currently located in the aforementioned clubhouse.

Este artigo é uma pesquisa histórica que se concentra no local onde se encontram atualmente a Diretoria Nacional de Saúde das Forças Armadas, o Hospital Central, a Diretoria Geral de Atenção Periférica, a Divisão de Abastecimento e a Diretoria de Arquitetura e Engenharia Hospitalar. Pertence ao Estado uruguaio desde sua criação. Durante os anos 1880 e 1890, ela foi emprestada a um dos clubes mais antigos de nosso país, o Montevideo Cricket Club. As duas primeiras partidas de futebol, das quais há referências históricas, aconteceram ali. Desde aqueles primeiros anos, não há fotografias desta área, mas há uma pintura a óleo feita por volta de 1930-34 por um membro do Cricket Club, cujo único nome conhecido é A.W. Hall. Salão. A pintura está atualmente alojada na sede do clube acima mencionado.

El presente artículo es una investigación histórica que tiene como eje el predio donde actualmente se erige la Dirección Nacional de Sanidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, Hospital Central, Dirección General de Atención Periférica, División Abastecimientos y Dirección de Arquitectura e Ingeniería Hospitalaria. El mismo pertenece al Estado Uruguayo desde su creación. Durante las décadas de 1880 y 1890, se entregó en comodato a uno de los clubes más antiguos de nuestro país, el Montevideo Cricket Club. En él se llevaron a cabo los dos primeros partidos de fútbol de los cuales se tienen referencias históricas. De esos primeros años, no existen fotografías de dicha área, sí, un óleo realizado alrededor de 1930-34 por un miembro del Cricket que hasta el momento lo único que se conoce de la persona es el nombre, A.W. Hall. Dicha pintura, se localiza actualmente en la sede del club mencionado.

Los acúfenos de Miguel Ángel y su relación con la toxicología / Miguel Ángel's tinnitus and its relation to toxicology

Resumen El Plomo ha tenido una estrecha relación con el mundo artístico pictórico a través de los pigmentos utilizados por los artistas durante milenios. El íntimo contacto con sustancias químicas potencialmente peligrosas para la salud, casi siempre sin medidas de higiene y seguridad laboral, ha desarrollado en muchos casos, enfermedades laborales en estos artistas, a veces sospechadas y en otros casos, más que confirmadas. En el presente trabajo se analiza la historia de vida laboral de Miguel Angel Buonarroti, de quien se tiene registro suficiente como para establecer un nexo causal con exposición laboral al Plomo.

Abstract Lead has shown a close relationship with the fine arts'world through the pigments used by artists for thousand of years. Close contact with potentially dangerous chemical substances for health, almost always without occupational hygiene and safety measures, has produced, in many cases, occupational illnesses in these artists, sometimes suspected and in other cases, more than confirmed. In the present work, the history of Miguel Angel Buonarroti's working life is analyzed, since there is sufficient record to establish a causal link with occupational exposure to Lead.

Paul Klee y la esclerosis sistémica / Paul Klee and systemic sclerosis

Paul Klee representa uno de los pilares del arte de vanguardia del principio del siglo XX. Produjo una ingente cantidad de obras artísticas en sus 60 años de vida. La esclerosis sistémica se manifestó cinco años antes de morir, pero no por ello redujo su actividad creadora. En este artículo se analiza su historia y su enfermedad que tanto influyeron en su obra, y que lo convirtieron en ejemplo paradigmático de resiliencia ante la adversidad.

Paul Klee represents one of the pillars of avant-garde art of the early 20th century. He produced an enormous amount of artistic works in the sixty years of his life. Systemic sclerosis appeared five years before he died, but this did not reduce his creative activity. This article analyzes his life and his illness that so influenced his work and that is a paradigmatic example of resilience in the face of adversity.

El niño con enfermedades infecciosas en las artes visuales: pintura / The child with infectious diseases in the visual arts: painting

Resumen: El impacto catastrófico de las enfermedades infecciosas sobre la salud infantil, como también el rol trascendental y benéfico aportado por la instauración y ejecución de medidas sanitarias y de inmuno- prevención ha sido un tema recurrente en la historia de la medicina, aunque una vez logrado el con trol de la enfermedad, estas pasan fácilmente al olvido. Ante esto, parece necesario rememorar aquel escenario social mediante un acercamiento a través de la pintura. Las obras pictóricas son testigo de aquello, pues las enfermedades son objeto de representación y a su vez se han convertido en un in valuable documento en la historia de la medicina. Patologías pediátricas como tuberculosis, difteria, poliomielitis, sarampión, viruela y sífilis como también el inicio de la vacunación, son analizadas en diversas pinturas con el objetivo de profundizar el conocimiento de la época histórica, el autor y su vínculo con dicha enfermedad.

Abstract: The catastrophic impact of infectious diseases on children's health, as well the transcendental and be neficial role played by the establishment and execution of health measures and immunoprevention, has been a recurrent subject in the history of medicine, although once the disease has been controlled, they are easily forgotten. In view of this, it seems necessary to recall that social scenario through an approach through painting. The pictorial works are witnesses of that since diseases are subject of representation, and at the same time, they have become an invaluable document in the history of me dicine. Pediatric pathologies such as tuberculosis, diphtheria, polio, measles, smallpox, and syphilis, as well as the initiation of vaccination, are analyzed in various paintings with the aim of deepening knowledge of the historical era, the author and his or her link to this disease.

Catarata e a expressao cromática na obra de Monet / Cataract and chromatic expression in Monet's work

Resumo Por conta de uma doença ocular, a obra de Monet foi analisada por múltiplas facetas, incluindo o reflexo da deterioração de sua visão nos seus trabalhos, motivo deste trabalho de revisão. Tendo como referência este panorama, propõe-se aqui pensar, por meio de algumas obras marcantes da biografia de Monet, a doença ocular catarata e o seu papel na história de vida deste pintor.

Abstract Due to the ocular disease, Monet's work was analyzed by multiple facets, including the reflection of the deterioration of his vision in his works, reason for this work of revision. With reference to this panorama, it is proposed here to think, by means of some remarkable works of the biography of Monet, the ocular cataract disease and the paper of this in the history of this painter's life.

Diego Rivera, the history of medicine in Mexico: peopled demand for better health, mural in 1953 still current / Diego Rivera: la historia de la medicina en México: el pueblo en demanda de salud, mural de 1953 aún vigente

Abstract: Although public health and social medicine have a long history in Latin America going back to Co lonial times, their relevance has ebbed and flowed as a result of the development of a variety of social and political movements. The Mexican Revolution accelerated implementation of public health po licies in Mexico and resulted in the creation of the Mexican Institute of Social Security to serve the health and social security needs of the country's population. Construction of the Hospital La Raza and its embellishment by the mural paintings of Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siqueiros correspon ded to the heyday of public health ideas in Mexico. This is clearly reflected in Rivera's mural painting from 1953, The History of Medicine in Mexico: People's Demand for Better Health. The left side of the painting, representing the history of modern medicine in Mexico, exemplifies the tensions between individuals and social groups demanding the fruits of modern medicine and public health, and en trenched bureaucracy and private interests resisting their demands. Rivera's artistry illustrates this tension by depicting urban social groups and a family with a pregnant mother and children reques ting medical attention on one side of the main panel, facing condescending physicians, bureaucrats and upper society gentlemen and ladies on the other side. The importance of social movements to the development of public health policies illustrated by Rivera in 1953 continues to be relevant in Latin America today where increasing millions still lack the benefits of health care and social security.

El bop deTepantitla: ensayo histórico y artístico / The bop of Tepantitla: a historical and artistic essay

El bop de Tepantitla son representaciones pictóricas de los glifos de teopixqui y de tlancopinalitztli, ambos se encuentran en el mismo muro de Tepantitla en Teotihuacán, México.‡ Unas de sus representaciones artísticas, en la obra del pintor mexicano conocido como Jazzamoart, se tienen a partir del predominio de los colores vivos y de los instrumentos musicales. Sin embargo, el propósito de este ensayo es el de dar a conocer a la comunidad odontológica y compartir estos dos óleos a partir de la práctica dental mostrada en ellos (AU)

The bop of Tepantitla is pictorial representations of the teopixqui and tlancopinalitztli glyphs, from the Tepantitla wall of Teotihuacan, Mexico. One of their Mexican artistic representations, which is found in Jazzamoart work, merely refers to a great variety of the fl amboyant colors and represents musical instruments. Whereas, the purpose of this issue is to let known and sharing the referential dental practice revealed into these couple canvas to the dentistry community (AU)

A arte de pintar o ventre materno: história oral de enfermeiras e obstetrizes / El arte de pintar el vientre materno: la historia oral de las enfermeras y parteras / The art of maternal womb painting: oral history of nurses and midwives

Resumo Objetivou-se, neste estudo, descrever quando, como e por que a enfermeira e a obstetriz aplicam a pintura no ventre de gestantes. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, de abordagem qualitativa, na qual foi adotado o método da história oral temática. Participaram sete profissionais de saúde que aplicam a pintura no ventre e atendem gestantes no Brasil. A coleta ocorreu por meio de entrevistas, realizadas entre os meses de janeiro e maio de 2016. Os dados foram analisados com base na análise temática de conteúdo, de Laurence Bardin. A partir dos discursos, elaborou-se uma árvore histórica da pintura no ventre e emergiram três categorias que elucidam quando, como e por que a enfermeira e a obstetriz aplicam esta arte. Conclui-se que a pintura no ventre tem sido adotada no cuidado pré-natal e dentro da maternidade como estratégia de educação em saúde e na promoção do bem-estar materno e familiar.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue describir cuándo, cómo y por qué la enfermera y la partera aplican la pintura en el vientre de mujeres embarazadas. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio cualitativo, donde se adoptó la metodología de la historia oral temática. Participaron siete profesionales de salud, los cuales aplican la pintura en vientre y atienden a mujeres embarazadas en Brasil. La recolección de datos ocurrió a través de entrevistas, realizadas entre Enero y Mayo de 2016. Los datos fueron analizados de conformidad con el análisis temático de contenido, de Laurence Bardin. A partir de los informes, ha sido elaborado un árbol histórico de la pintura en el vientre, junto a eso emergieron tres categorías las cuales aclaran cuándo, cómo y por qué la enfermera y partera aplican este arte. Se concluye que la pintura en el vientre ha sido adoptada en la atención prenatal y también dentro de la maternidad como estrategia de educación en salud, además de promover el bienestar materno y familiar.

Abstract The present study aimed to describe when, how and why the nurse and the midwife apply the painting on pregnant wombs. It was an exploratory research, qualitative approach, in which thematic oral history was adopted as method. Seven health professionals, who apply painting on the womb and attend pregnant women in Brazil, took part of it. The data provided through interviews conducted between January and May 2016. Data were examined based on the thematic analysis of content, of Laurence Bardin. From the interviews, historical tree of womb painting has been drawn up and three categories emerged, which clarify when, how and why the nurse and the midwife apply this art. The womb painting has been adopted in the prenatal care and in the maternity as a strategy for health education and the promotion of maternal and family well-being.

El retablo de Isenheim: religión, arte y medicina / The Isenheim altarpiece: religion, art and medicine

Northern Europe at the beginning of the 16th Century was in turmoil as a result of religious and political dissention, epidemics of plague, syphilis, ergotism, and famine, and the threat of the Ottoman Empire. In Alsace, a fulcrum between Germany, France, Switzerland and the Netherlands, Grünewald painted his celebrated and complex altarpiece at Isenheim in a convent chapel of the Antonine religious order that kept a hospital for the care of patients suffering from ergotism, plague, syphilis and other illnesses. The ten paintings of this altarpiece convey a series of religious, medical and political meanings, with the scenes of the Crucifixion and the Resurrection being thought to play an integral part of the curative process. This was because patients could be soothed by comparing their suffering to that of Christ on the cross and could console themselves by the Resurrection. The portrait of Christ in the cross is astounding in its realism and naturalism. It represents, with great pathological veracity, a tortured body in agony, a break with previous traditional representations of this event. Impressive pathological detail is also given to a figure in the Temptation scene. The entire work is suffused with religious connotations provided by the composition, the forms and the richness and sophisticated use of colors. Although Grünewald's paintings are few and the facts of his personal life sparse, it is known he married a Jewish woman, supported the peasant revolts, and was probably a Lutheran in a Catholic area. While Grünewald is considered the epitome of a German artist, the universal projections of his art have influenced physicians and the artistic productions of many painters, writers, musicians and sculptors throughout the world.

Paul Cézanne, el solitario padre de la pintura moderna / Paul Cézanne, the lonely precursor of modern painting

Paul Cézanne is an acknowledged pioneer of modern painting. His work was poorly recognized during most of his solitary life. He progressively withdrew from people and society during his life, in part due to his introverted personality and a supreme effort to obtain a unique form of expression of his art, in which nature and its inner secrets played a pivotal role. In this review, we discuss aspects of his life and art, his pathological personal relationships and how they influenced his transcendental work.

El cadáver humano en el arte y la bioética: la Pietà Rondanini de Miguel Ángel / The human corpse in arts and bioethics: Michelangelo´s Pietà Rondanini

According to bioethics, life is a fundamental but not an absolute good. Therefore the value of a person resides in being alive, no matter in which state such person is. The concept of brain death is legally and ethically accepted as the definition of death. In artworks, human beings are revealed as they are. Michelangelo’s Pietà Rondanini captures and captures what a human corpse is, in its most intimate appearance. The artist boldly reveals its essence.

Realismo pictórico y medicina: las dos clínicas quirúrgicas de Thomas Eakins / Painting realism and medicine: the two surgical clinics of Thomas Eakins

Realism is a painting style that began with Millet and Courbet in politically convulsed France in the middle of the nineteenth century. In the second half of that century, the pragmatic and democratic tradition of the United States fostered the careers of many realist painters, including that of Thomas Eakins. Eakins, trained in France, developed his career completely associated with Philadelphia at a time when this city was in the vanguard of American emerging industry, culture and medicine. Eakins The clinic of Dr. Gross and the The clinic of Dr. Agnew are icons of these developments and symbolize a perfect union of art and medicine. Both paintings permit the viewer to appreciate the artist s mastery, originality and Americanism while simultaneously tracking the progress of surgery as evidenced by the introduction of asepsis, anesthesia and nursing. Eakins mastery is revealed by its use of some European Old Masters approaches to portray medical professionals undertaking their daily duties in their work environments with critical and unadorned vision. This combination of vision and skills led Eakins to create a highly original yet analytical art. Unfortunately, his representations were far ahead of his time and resulted in under appreciation of his paintings and a censorious reaction to their content. His contemporaries rejection of Eakins work negatively affected his career as a painter, as a teacher and even his private life. This judgment was overturned in subsequent years and by the twentieth century Eakins was recognized as an American master without parallel.

Goya and tinea favosa

A case of a tinea favosa involving the scalp of a child represented in the painting "Boys climbing a tree" (Muchachos trepando a un árbol), by Francisco Goya y Lucientes, with pictorial representation of favic scutula and consequent alopecia.

Diego Rivera: gran maestro y un didáctico y lúcido historiador de la medicina / Diego Rivera: a great master and a didactic and discerning medical historian

Diego Rivera is one of the artistic giants of the 20th century. His many original creations included landscapes, portraits and large murals created in both Mexico and the United States. Rivera ventured into many styles-cubism, naturalism and narrative realism-with great success. Rivera’s murals build on those of the Renaissance, pre-historic and colonial civilizations of Mexico. Biological and medical topics and their history form an important concern in Rivera’s work, present in many of his murals in a highly informative and creative manner. His two History of Cardiology murals present an original and comprehensive account of the developments of this medical specialty from pre-historic to modern times. His History of Medicine in Mexico (The people demands health) mural is a creatively and vigorously fashioned and highly dynamic and synthetic vision of the relationships between pre-historic and modern medicine in Mexico and its social foundations. Medical topics such as vaccines and vaccination, embryology and surgery are inventively and accurately presented in the large mural, Detroit Industry. The trigger and impetus for the concern of Rivera for these topics of life and death, and the exceedingly ground-breaking way he presents them, appear to stem from his rational materialism, his concern for collective wellbeing, his belief in progress through scientific developments and political action and his commitment to understand Mexican and American history.

Gustav Klimt (1862-1918) y su cuadro sobre la medicina / The portrait of medicine and Gustav Klimt (1862-1918)

Gustav Klimt was an Austrian Symbolist painter and one of the most important representatives of the modernist movement of the Viennese Secession. The most notable works carried out at his golden age were the "Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I" and "The kiss". In 1901 he paints "Medicine" where he returns to the entanglement of floating bodies -the lifetime- among which appears the skeleton of death; a female figure stands out from the column to represent freedom from pain. The figure of Hygeia or Hygieia, daughter of Aesculapius, who personifies medicine, is shown in the foreground. In 1911, thanks to "The life and death", a picture related to medicine, he was awarded the first prize at the Universal Exhibition of Rome. A number of his artworks were confiscated by the Nazi dictatorship. During the advance of enemy troops, and fearing that these works would become spoils of war, it was decided to burn the castle where they remained confiscated. Therefore, countless artworks were lost. The progressive development of symbolic or abstract motifs already emphasized the freedom of spirit that permeated all the avant-garde of early twentieth century.